The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) is situated in southeastern Bangladesh having an area of 13,295 sq. km. The 3 hill districts of CHT (Khagrachari, Rangamati and Bandarban) remains behind in comparison to other parts in development indicators, such as poverty, income, food security, health, and education, and in access to roads, infrastructure, electricity, and credit facilities. This paper is based on the review of published papers, reports, books related to CHT giving emphasis the landscape, natural resources, community and the food situation of the indigenous peoples and the Bengalis in the CHT. The nature and factors contributing to food and nutrition security in CHT are more complex than those in the plains because of the harsh biophysical environment, poor accessibility, and weak market infrastructure. The paper is the outcome of available publications related to CHT resources, degradation of natural resources of land, soil, forest, fisheries and livestock etc. Traditional agricultural system of jhum cultivation is not sustainable due to population pressure, reduction of fallow period and soil degradation. The paper analysis the major causes of resource destruction and also the opportunity and challenges exists to address the food security in CHT. Few smart food crops are also mentioned to address the improvement of livelihoods and food security of the hill people. Prolonged conflict of land tenure and settlement of plain land people should need to be addressed adequately. Modern agrological technology with quality seeds, horticultural improvement, proper market and value chain development may improve the livelihoods and food security situation of CHT.
